[...] * Fake news and misinformation lead to the erosion of trust in public institutions and traditional media sources, and in turn favour the electoral success of populist or anti-establishment parties. In fact, as discussed in Allcott and Gentzkow (2017) and Guess et al. (2018), Trump voters were more likely to be exposed and believe to misinformation. In the Italian context, il Sole 24 Ore found that the consumption of fake news appear to be linked with populism, but the content of the overwhelming majority of pieces of misinformation also displays an obvious anti-establishment bias, as found in Giglietto et al. (2018).