[...] * Regarding technologies to counter fake news, NLP can help to classify text into fake and legitimate instances. In fact, NLP can be used for deception detection in text, and fake news articles can be considered as deceptive text (Chen et al., 2015; Feng et al., 2012; Pérez-Rosas and Mihalcea, 2015). More recently, deep learning has taken over in case large-scale training data is available. For what concerns text classification, feature-based models, recurrent neural networks (RNNs) models, convolutional neural networks (CNNs) models and attention models have been competing (Le and Mikolov, 2014; Zhang et al., 2015; Yang et al., 2016; Conneau et al., 2017; Medvedeva et al., 2017).